What is a Citation Style?
Citation style helps you credit other people when you use their work for reference in your writing. Citing the referenced work is crucial in academic writing. If you use the work of someone else, you should cite them properly and pay them the credit they deserve.
It is also important to cite sources properly and accurately to avoid plagiarism.
Citation style guides are usually published in handbooks. These handbooks include the rules and explanations. Usually, a citation includes the author’s name, publishing date, paper title, publication information, and DOI (Digital Object Identifier).
How Many Citation Styles Are There?
There are many citation styles available for every academic discipline. The four most common styles are MLA, APA, Chicago, and Turabian.
Other different citation styles are listed below:
- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
- American Political Science Association (APSA)
- American Anthropological Association (AAA)
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- National Library of Medicine (NLM)
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Vancouver Citation Style
- Turabian Citation Style
- Harvard Citation Style
Why Are There Different Citation Styles?
Different academic disciplines have different citation styles. Citation styles often contain similar items—for instance, the paper’s title, author’s name, publication date, and digital object identifier (DOI). However, conventions for each style differ. For example, some styles require uppercase letters while others do not.
A citation convention contains the formatting rules and how to present specific information in a citation.
Citation Formats - What are the Different Citation Formats?
There are many different citation styles, each with its own rules for formatting, in-text citation, reference list. When using a citation style in your paper, it’s important to review the style rules carefully.
Numeric Citation
This style of citation is used in the scientific community and is known as numerical citations. All citations are numbered in brackets, referring to the full citations listed in the bibliography.
The list is arranged numerically and presented at the end of the paper.
Parenthetical Citation
This citation style is commonly used in humanities discipline citation styles. Each in-text citation is placed in parentheses, referring to a corresponding entry from the reference list. Your last name and page number are cited, for example (Smith 150).
Note Citation
This citation style is used for citing sources in the social sciences discipline. It provides a numbered footnote or endnote with a corresponding entry in the reference list.
List of Citation Styles - What are the Different Citation Styles?
The citation style you choose for your paper depends largely on the discipline in which you are writing. Disciplines are divided into three categories: science, humanities, and social sciences. All academic disciplines have their particular citation styles.
Professors usually specify a citation style that you should follow when doing your paper.
Citation Styles for Sciences
There are five different citation styles for the science discipline, namely IEEE, ACS, NLM, AMA, and Vancouver. Most science writers use either IEEE or ACS citations.
- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) citation style is common in technical studies. Such as those in electrical engineering, computer science, and information technology.
For in-text citations, use numeric citation style to cite each source. In the reference list, sources are listed in numerical order. The source entries are indented by a single space.
The IEEE citation, for example, has rules for citing sources from books, journals, conference papers, and so on. It’s closely related to the citation style used by the Chicago Manual of Style in the Humanities Group.
IEEE Citation Style Example
| Category | Work Cited |
|---|---|
| Book | D. Sarunyagate, Ed., Lasers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996. |
| Journal Article | A. Vaskuri, H. Baumgartner, P. Kärhä, G. Andor, and E. Ikonen, "Modeling the spectral shape of InGaAlP-based red light-emitting diodes," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 118, no. 20, pp. 203103-1–203103-7, Jul. 2015. Accessed on: Feb. 9, 2017. [Online]. Available doi: 10.1063/1.4936322 |
| Conference Paper | V. Chandrasekaran, S. Sanghavi, P. A. Parrilo, and A. S. Willsky. (2009). Sparse and low-rank matrix decompositions. Presented at IFAC 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S1474667016388632 |
| Thesis or Dissertation | O. Williams, “Narrow-band analyzer,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, 1993. |
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
A. ACS citation style is often used in chemical and biological discipline papers. The American Chemical Society has recommended the following variations for in-text citations:
- Author name and year of publication: The author’s name and publication date is mentioned in parenthesis on the line of text.
A. The primary structure of an enzyme has also been determined (Finnegan et al., 2004).
- Italic numbers: An italicized number is mentioned in parenthesis inside the punctuation on the line of text.
A. The mineralization of TCE by a pure culture of a methane-oxidizing organism has been reported (6).
- Superscript numbers: A number appears on the punctuation at the end of a line or clause.
A. Oscillation in the reaction of benzaldehyde with oxygen was reported previously.3
In all three variations, the name could be made part of the sentence, i.e., Johanson3, Arif(9). When choosing a style, keep in mind the subject matter or the journal paper you are writing.
ACS Citation Style Example
| Category | Work Cited |
|---|---|
| Book | Le Couteur, P.; Burreson, J. Napoleon’s Buttons: How 17 Molecules Changed History; Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam: New York, 2003; pp 32–47. |
| Journal Article | Klingler, J. Influence of Pretreatment on Sodium Powder. Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 2755–2768. |
| Thesis or Dissertation | Mäckel, H. Capturing the Spectra of Silicon Solar Cells. Ph.D. Thesis, The Australian National University, December 2004. |
- National Library of Medicine (NLM)
NLM is the standard style of citation in the medical world, including biology and medicine. NLM uses the numerical in-text citation style to cite sources within text.
NLM Citation Style Example
| Category | Work Cited |
|---|---|
| Book | Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kobayashi GS, Pfaller MA. Medical microbiology. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2002. |
| Journal Article | Zhang M, Holman CD, Price SD, Sanfilippo FM, Preen DB, Bulsara MK. Comorbidity and repeat admission to hospital for adverse drug reactions in older adults: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2009 Jan 7;338:a2752. DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.a2752. PubMed PMID: 19129307; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2615549. |
| Conference Paper | Christensen S, Oppacher F. An analysis of Koza's computational effort statistic for genetic programming. In: Foster JA, Lutton E, Miller J, Ryan C, Tettamanzi AG, editors. Genetic programming. EuroGP 2002: Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Genetic Programming; 2002 Apr 3-5; Kinsdale, Ireland. Berlin: Springer; 2002. p. 182-91. |
| Thesis or Dissertation | Borkowski MM. Infant sleep and feeding: a telephone survey of Hispanic Americans [dissertation]. Mount Pleasant (MI): Central Michigan University; 2002. |
- American Medical Association (AMA)
AMA style is a relatively new method of citation in the medical sciences field. It follows the numerical in-text citation style, with the page number included in parentheses.
Oxford University Press publishes a style guide to help authors use AMA citation format.
AMA Citation Style Example
Category
Book
Work Cited
Reed PG, Shearer NB. Nursing Knowledge and Theory Innovation: Advancing the Science of Practice. New York, NY: Springer; 2011:45-47. http://0-lib.myilibrary.com. innopac.lib.bcit.ca/Open.aspx? id=301779. Accessed September 18, 2012.
Category
Journal Article
Work Cited
Watts T. Initiating end-of-life care pathways: A discussion paper. J Adv Nursing. 2012;68(10):2359-2370. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05924.x.
Category
Conference Paper
Work Cited
Cronin C. Memoing: An active tool in research. Poster presented at RCN Annual International Nursing Research Conference; April 23, 2012. London, UK. http://www.rcn.org.uk/_data/assets/pdf_file/0005/445802/Research2012Mo01.pdf. Accessed September 23, 2012.
Category
Thesis or Dissertation
Work Cited
Taylor RL. Downsizing the Dial: The Reinvention of Private Radio in Canada. [Ph.D. thesis]. Burnaby, BC: British Columbia Institute of Technology; 2008
- Vancouver
Vancouver style is a popular form of referencing used in science and medicine. It is developed by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). It uses in-text citations that refer to the corresponding entry in the reference list.
Vancouver Citation Style Example
| Category | Work Cited |
|---|---|
| Book | Simons NE, Menzies B, Matthews M. A Short Course in Soil and Rock Slope Engineering. London: Thomas Telford Publishing; 2001. |
| Journal Article | Read B. Anti-cheating crusader vexes some professors. Chronicle of Higher Education. 2008;54(25). Available from: http://global.factiva.com/ [Accessed 18th June 2015]. |
| Conference Paper | Wittke M. Design, construction, supervision and long-term behavior of tunnels in swelling rock. In: Van Cotthem A, Charlier R, Thymus J-F, Tshibangu J-P. (eds.) Eurock 2006: multiphysics coupling and long term behavior in rock mechanics: Proceedings of the International Symposium of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, EUROCK 2006, 9–12 May 2006, Liège, Belgium. London: Taylor & Francis; 2006. p.211–216. |
| Thesis or Dissertation | Pahl KM. Preventing anxiety and promoting social and emotional strength in early childhood: an investigation of risk factors [dissertation on the Internet]. St Lucia, Qld: University of Queensland; 2009 [cited 2017 Nov 22]. Available from: https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:178027 |
Citation Styles For Humanities
There are four major citation styles for humanities group: MLA, Chicago, Turabian, and Harvard. The Chicago and MLA styles are most commonly used in the humanities field.
- Modern Language Association (MLA)
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is commonly used in the fields of literature, arts, linguistics, etc. The MLA format is a simple one compared to some other styles, which is why students use it more often.
MLA Citation Style Example
| Category | Work Cited |
|---|---|
| Book | Franzen, Jonathan. The Corrections. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2001. |
| Journal Article | Zhai, Xiaojuan, and Jingjing Wang. "Improving Relations Between Users and Libraries: A Survey of Chinese Academic Libraries." The Electronic Library, vol. 34, no. 4, 2016, pp. 597-616. |
| Conference Paper | Lewis, Jack. “Lost Literature: The Social Consequences of Stock Loss.” Proceedings of the International Library Conference, Amsterdam, 13–14 June, edited by W. Oldham, LCP Publications, 2015. |
| Thesis or Dissertation | Fletcher, Marissa. Influences of Nutrition and Pathogenicity from a Microbial Diet on Immunity and Longevity in Caenorhabditis Elegans. 2012. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Ph.D. DSpace@MIT, https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/120633. |
- Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS)
The Chicago style is typically used in history papers and books. It is published by the Chicago Manual of Style. This style manual includes the following variations:
- Chicago A: Uses Note Citation style
- Chicago B: Uses Parenthetical Citation style
CMOS Citation Style Example
Category | Work Cited in Chicago A |
Book | Einstein, Albert. The Meaning of Relativity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1923. |
Journal Article | Dickstein, Morris. “A Literature of One’s Own: The Question of Jewish Book Awards.” Princeton University Library Chronicle 63, no. 1–2 (Winter 2002): 70–74. https://doi.org/10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.63.1-2.0070. |
Internet Source (website) | Marshall, Alex. “Graphic Novel in Running for Man Booker Prize for First Time.” New York Times, July 23, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/23/books/booker-prize-graphic-novel-ondaatje.html. |
Category | Work Cited in Chicago B |
Book | Einstein, Albert. 1923. The Meaning of Relativity. Princeton: Princeton University Press |
Journal Article | Dickstein, Morris. 2002. “A Literature of One’s Own: The Question of Jewish Book Awards.” Princeton University Library Chronicle 63, no. 1–2 (Winter): 70–74. https://doi.org/10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.63.1-2.0070. |
Internet Source (website) | Marshall, Alex. 2018. “Graphic Novel in Running for Man Booker Prize for First Time.” New York Times, July 23, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/23/books/booker-prize-graphic-novel-ondaatje.html |
- Turabian
Turabian style resembles Chicago style and is also published by the Chicago Manual Style. Both styles use two variations: Parenthetical and Note style. Turabian style is used in humanities, while parenthetical is utilized in social sciences.
Turabian Citation Style Examples
| Category | Work Cited |
|---|---|
| Book | Druin, Allison, and Cynthia Solomon. 1996. Designing multimedia environments for children. New York, NY: J. Wiley & Sons. |
| Journal Article | Villarreal, Mark. 2006. Finding our place: Reconstructing community through oral history. The Oral History Review 33, no. 2. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4495382 (accessed August 9, 2010). |
| Conference Paper | Gallegos, Bee, Tammy Allgood, and Karen Godin. 2007. Quarantined: The Fletcher Library game project. Paper presented at the national conference of LOEX, San Diego, CA. May 4. |
| Thesis or Dissertation | Kimberly Knight, “Media Epidemics: Viral Structures in Literature and New Media” Ph.D. diss., University of California, Santa Barbara, 2011, MLA International Bibliography (2013420395). |
- Harvard
Harvard style citation is an informal style of citation, used mostly in economics and other humanities subjects. No official style guide is available, which means there are variations in how it is used.
According to scholars, the Harvard Style is similar to the American Psychological Association (APA) citation style in the social sciences discipline. A few organizations have published their own guides for this formatting style.
- Australian Government Publishing Services (AGPS)
- British Standard Institute
Harvard Citation Style Example
| Category | Work Cited |
|---|---|
| Book | Wallace, R. A., and Wolf, A., (2006). Contemporary sociological theory: expanding the classical tradition. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. |
| Journal Article | Dobson, H., (2006). Mister Sparkle meets the 'Yakuza': depictions of Japan in The Simpsons. Journal of Popular Culture [online]. 39(1), 44–68. [Viewed 5 October 2015]. Available from: DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5931.2006.00203.x |
| Conference Paper | Redknap, M., (2004). Viking–age settlements in Wales and the evidence from Llanbedrgoch. In: J. Hines, A. Lane, and M. Redknap, eds. Land, sea and home, proceedings of a conference on Viking–period settlement, July 2001, Cardiff.Leeds: Maney Publishing, pp. 139–175. |
| Thesis or Dissertation | Tomlinson, S.E., (2009). Understanding the friction between human fingers and contacting surfaces. Ph.D. thesis, University of Sheffield. [Viewed 14 October 2015]. Available from: http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/150 |
Citation Styles For Social Sciences
Three citation styles are used in the social sciences: APA, AAA, and APSA. APA citation style is the most popular.
- American Psychological Association (APA)
APA style is a simple citation format and the most commonly used in the social sciences. It was developed by the American Psychological Association to use specifically for psychological and social science research. It follows the parenthetical citation style for the in-text citation.
APA Citation Style Example
| Category | Work Cited |
|---|---|
| Book | Druin, A., & Solomon, C. (1996). Designing multimedia environments for children. New York, NY: J. Wiley & Sons. |
| Journal Article | Humphrey, M., & Hourcade, J. J. (2010). Special educators and mathematics phobia: An initial qualitative investigation. Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, 83(1), 26-30. DOI: 10.1080/00098650903267743 |
| Conference Paper | Gallegos, B., Allgood, T., & Gondin, K. (2007, May). Quarantined: The Fletcher Library Game Project. Paper presented at the national conference of LOEX, San Diego. |
| Thesis or Dissertation | Thomas, R. (2009). The making of a journalist: The New Zealand way (Doctoral thesis, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10292/466 |
- American Anthropological Association (AAA)
The AAA style was created at a meeting of the American Anthropological Association (AAA) in 1929. It is based on the Chicago style in the humanities group and its name has derived from the author-date system.
AAA Citation Style Example
| Category | Work Cited |
|---|---|
| Book | Bonacich, Edna, with Mark Smith and Kathy Hunt 1999 The Economic Basis of Ethnic Solidarity: Small Business in the Japanese American Community. Berkeley: University of California Press. |
| Journal Article | Moll, Luis C. 2000 Writing as Communication: Creating Strategic Learning Environments for Students. Theory into Practice 25(3):202-208. |
| Conference Paper | Poveda, David 2000 Paths to Participation in Classroom Conversations. Paper presented at the 7th International Pragmatics Conference, Budapest, July 9-14. |
| Thesis or Dissertation | D’Amato, John 1989 “We Cool, That's Why”: A Study of Personhood and Place in a Class of Hawaiian Second Graders. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Education, University of Hawaii |
- American Political Science Association (APSA)
APSA is a Chicago-style citation style used for political science papers. APSA is the least commonly used citation style. The United States Government has provided specific rules for documentation. It follows the parenthetical style of citation in APSA.
APSA Citation Style Example
| Category | Work Cited |
|---|---|
| Book | North, Douglass, John Wallis, and Barry Weingast. 2009. Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. |
| Journal Article | Blondel, Jean, and Nick Manning. 2002. "Do Ministers Do What They Say? Ministerial Unreliability, Collegial and Hierarchical Governments." Political Studies 50: 455-76. |
| Conference Paper | Obergefell v. Hodges. 2014. In Identifying Risk - Poor Or Lack Of Documentation And Record Keeping -Perioperative Care Plan. |
| Thesis or Dissertation | Munger, Frank J. 1955. “Two-Party Politics in the State of Indiana.” Ph.D. diss. Harvard University. |
How to Choose the Correct Citation Style for Your Paper?
When students write a research paper for the first time, they face a dilemma: choosing among the various styles of citations. In general, professors specify the style for students writing their first research paper. However, sometimes professors give students the option to choose their own styles.
Most of them face difficulties choosing a citation style for their papers. But only two main keys will determine which style is best for your paper.
- It is important to know which academic discipline your subject fits into, like the social sciences, humanities, or the sciences.
- When conducting your research, be sure to determine which subject you are writing about, such as psychology, computer science, or any other discipline.
Citation Management Tools
You can use several tools for automatic citation, but it is important to choose the right one for your needs. For example, LaTex software is designed to be used with document preparation systems in high-level paper settings.
LaTex is a high-quality typesetting system that's commonly used for document preparation. The software provides many features designed for the production of scientific and technical documents. Some of its citation features are:
- BiblaTex: It is a complete redesign and re-implementation of the LaTeX bibliography facilities. It provides easier methods for creating and modifying bibliographies, especially when compared to BibTeX.
- BibTex: It is a reference management software that is used to format a reference list.
- Natbib: It is a complete solution for customizing citations. It uses both numbered and author-year references.
Zotero is free and open-source reference management software, like LaTex. Zotero helps you collect, organize, cite, and share your research.
Mendeley Citation Styles is also a popular reference management software for research students. It's easy to install and use, with plug-ins for BibTex, LibreOffice, and Word.
Another software, Endnote Citation Styles helps students to create and organize bibliographies and references in research papers. It has a friendly interface that simplifies the task of keeping track of citations.
These tools are easy to learn and use. Once you get used to them, you'll have no problem formatting your bibliographies.
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